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THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2021, Volume 8, Issue 3,   Pages 387-399 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2021414

Abstract:

Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological, resilient and sustainable farming systems. One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures. Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops. Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition, Complementarity, Cooperation, and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle. Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time, the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources (e.g., nutrients, water, space, light) than others. Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space, time or form. Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s). Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s) because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress. The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.

 

Keywords： compensation     competition     complementarity     cooperation     interspecific interactions     land equivalentratio     light     nutrients     species mixtures     water    

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Allocation of grassland, livestock and arable based on the spatial and temporal analysis for food demand in China

Huilong LIN, Ruichao LI, Yifan LIU, Jingrong ZHANG, Jizhou REN

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2017, Volume 4, Issue 1,   Pages 69-80 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017140

Abstract: To explore the distribution of food demand and the projected trend in future food demand in China, this paper analyzed the change in current (1998–2012) per-capita demand for grain, grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products, and predicted the food demand in 2020. The results indicated that in 1998–2012, the national per-capita consumption of grain ration declined by about 36.66%, and the per-capita consumption of grain-consu-ming and herbivorous livestock products increased by about 48% and 34.09%, respectively. The grain-consu-ming livestock products have become the primary source of both calories and protein for consumers. The proportion of herbivorous livestock products in consumer diets has increased steadily and there has been huge potential in substituting beef and mutton for pork in this dynamic market. The demand for food in different provinces of China is highly variable, which is important for planning grassland agriculture development and ensuring food safety. The demand for grain, and grain-consuming and herbivorous livestock products will increase by about 3.3%, 20% and 14% respectively by 2020. Based on the food demand and trend in the development of grassland agriculture, the 31 provinces in China are divided into three priority groups for grassland agriculture development.

Keywords： arable land equivalent unit (ALEU)     food equivalent unit (FEU)     food security     grassland agriculture     time    

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A modified zone model for estimating equivalent room thermal capacity

Hua CHEN, Xiaolin WANG

Frontiers in Energy 2013, Volume 7, Issue 3,   Pages 351-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-013-0254-x

Abstract: The zone model has been widely applied in control analysis of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to achieve a high building efficiency. This paper proposed a modified zone model which is much simpler in the HVAC system simulation and has the similar accuracy to the complicated simulation model. The proposed model took into consideration the effect of envelop heat reservoir on the room indoor temperature by introducing the thermal admittance of the inner surfaces of the building enclosure. The thermal admittance for the building enclosure was developed based on the building thermal network analytical theory and transfer function method. The efficacy of the proposed model was demonstrated by comparing it with the complicated model — heat balance method (HTB2 program). The predicted results from the proposed model well agreed with those from the complicated simulation. The proposed model can then make the HVAC system dynamic simulation much faster and more acceptable for control design due to its simplicity and efficiency.

Keywords： room model     thermal network analysis     transfer function     heating     ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system simulation    

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Distribution of background equivalent static wind load on high-rise buildings

Jianguo ZHANG , Ming GU ,

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2009, Volume 3, Issue 3,   Pages 241-248 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0036-z

Abstract: gust load envelope (GLE) methods, are verified in terms of their accuracy in describing the background equivalentBased on the results, formulae of the distribution of background equivalent static load on high-rise

Keywords： high-rise buildings     along-wind     cross-wind     background equivalent static wind load     close formulae    

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China’s new problems of food security revealed by the Food Equivalent Unit

Huilong LIN,Ruichao LI,Cangyu JIN,Chong WANG,Maohong WEI,Jizhou REN

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2014, Volume 1, Issue 1,   Pages 69-76 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2014023

Abstract: Thus, not only grain for human consumption, but also animal foods have been integrated into the Food Equivalent

Keywords： food security     nutrition security     food equivalent unit     grassland agriculture     China    

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Equivalent circuit and characteristic simulation of a brushless electrically excited synchronous wind

Hao WANG, Fengge ZHANG, Tao GUAN, Siyang YU

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2017, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 420-426 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0439-9

Abstract: In view of this problem, the equivalent circuit and electromagnetic torque expression of the BEESG areThe generator is simulated and tested experimentally using the established equivalent circuit model.Results show the validity of the equivalent circuit model.

Keywords： wind power     brushless electrically excited synchronous generator     hybrid rotor     equivalent circuit    

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Exploring differentiated improvement strategies of cultivated land quality in China

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2023523

Abstract:

● Cultivated land quality can be considered in four dimensions: suitability

Keywords： China     cultivated land quality     differentiated improvement     food security    

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Fault classification and reconfiguration of distribution systems using equivalent capacity margin method

K. Sathish KUMAR, T. JAYABARATHI

Frontiers in Energy 2012, Volume 6, Issue 4,   Pages 394-402 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0211-0

Abstract: support vector machines (SVM) for prediction of fault classification and the use of the concept of equivalent

Keywords： support vector machines (SVM)     structural risk minimization (SRM)     equivalent capacity margin (ECM)     restoration    

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Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan

Bin QUAN, M. J. M. R?MKENS, Rui LI, Fang WANG, Jie CHEN

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2011, Volume 5, Issue 4,   Pages 564-572 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0348-9

Abstract: damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural landTo present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosionAlso, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using dataModerate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area.Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land.

Keywords： land use/land cover change     soil erosion     geographical information system     remote sensing     Liupan Mountain    

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Dynamical Experiment Research on New Seismic Isolation Bearings with SMA Wires

Deng Zongcai,Sun Hongjun,Liu Chunguo,Niu Kun,Deng Hongliang

Strategic Study of CAE 2005, Volume 7, Issue 12,   Pages 61-68

Abstract:

As the aim of improving the utilization ratio of SMAs in SMA-rubber seismic isolation bearings, severalThe factors which affect the level stiffness, energy dissipation and equivalent damping ratio of SMA-rubber

Keywords： shape memory alloy     seismic isolation bearings     initial stiffness     hysteresis energy dissipation     equivalentdamping ratio    

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Hydraulic Pressure Extremes Ratio & Extremes Ratio Efficiencies

Qi Maolin

Strategic Study of CAE 2001, Volume 3, Issue 4,   Pages 73-75

Abstract: applies basic formula to the calculation of a relationship between the hydraulic pressure extremes ratioof hydraulic system and the extremes ratio efficiencies.This relationship shows that the greater the hydraulic pressure extremes ratio is, the lower the extremesratio efficiencies are.The article holds that the hydraulic pressure extremes ratio can be designed and chosen.

Keywords： hydraulic pressure extremes ratio     extremes ratio efficiencies     hydraulic system    

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Controlling interstory drift ratio profiles via topology optimization strategies

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2023, Volume 17, Issue 2,   Pages 165-178 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0892-3

Abstract: proposed approach involves solving a min–max optimization problem to suppress the maximum interstory drift ratioThe proposed methodology can shape the interstory drift ratio profiles into inverted triangular or quadratic

Keywords： interstory drift ratio     aggregation function     bound formulation     min–max problem     topology optimization    

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Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

Wenzhong Tang, Liu Sun, Limin Shu, Chuang Wang

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2020, Volume 14, Issue 6, doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1283-4

Abstract: Abstract • Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd wasregarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-useheavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use

Keywords： Heavy metals     Riverine sediments     Pollution     Land-use    

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Field scale measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from land applied swine manure

Devin L. Maurer, Jacek A. Koziel, Kelsey Bruning

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017, Volume 11, Issue 3, doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0915-9

Abstract: ) from swine production systems are relatively well researched with the exception of emissions from landThus, the objective of this observational study was to measure GHG fluxes from land application of swineAssessment of GHG emissions from deep injected land-applied swine manure, fall and reapplication in the

Keywords： Climate change     Emissions     Greenhouse gases     Land application     Swine manure    

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Optimization of Land-use Based on the Theory of Cellular Automata and Value of Ecosystem Services

Lian-fu Jiang,Guo-xian Xu,Hao Jiang

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2014, Volume 1, Issue 4,   Pages 395-401 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014058

Abstract: The land utilization condition in the target city was simulated using Arc GIS and Geo SOS software basing

Keywords： Ecosystem service function     optimization of land use     Cellular Automata (CA)    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

THE 4C APPROACH AS A WAY TO UNDERSTAND SPECIES INTERACTIONS DETERMINING INTERCROPPING PRODUCTIVITY

Journal Article

Allocation of grassland, livestock and arable based on the spatial and temporal analysis for food demand in China

Huilong LIN, Ruichao LI, Yifan LIU, Jingrong ZHANG, Jizhou REN

Journal Article

A modified zone model for estimating equivalent room thermal capacity

Hua CHEN, Xiaolin WANG

Journal Article

Distribution of background equivalent static wind load on high-rise buildings

Jianguo ZHANG , Ming GU ,

Journal Article

China’s new problems of food security revealed by the Food Equivalent Unit

Huilong LIN,Ruichao LI,Cangyu JIN,Chong WANG,Maohong WEI,Jizhou REN

Journal Article

Equivalent circuit and characteristic simulation of a brushless electrically excited synchronous wind

Hao WANG, Fengge ZHANG, Tao GUAN, Siyang YU

Journal Article

Exploring differentiated improvement strategies of cultivated land quality in China

Journal Article

Fault classification and reconfiguration of distribution systems using equivalent capacity margin method

K. Sathish KUMAR, T. JAYABARATHI

Journal Article

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan

Bin QUAN, M. J. M. R?MKENS, Rui LI, Fang WANG, Jie CHEN

Journal Article

Dynamical Experiment Research on New Seismic Isolation Bearings with SMA Wires

Deng Zongcai,Sun Hongjun,Liu Chunguo,Niu Kun,Deng Hongliang

Journal Article

Hydraulic Pressure Extremes Ratio & Extremes Ratio Efficiencies

Qi Maolin

Journal Article

Controlling interstory drift ratio profiles via topology optimization strategies

Journal Article

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

Wenzhong Tang, Liu Sun, Limin Shu, Chuang Wang

Journal Article

Field scale measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from land applied swine manure

Devin L. Maurer, Jacek A. Koziel, Kelsey Bruning

Journal Article

Optimization of Land-use Based on the Theory of Cellular Automata and Value of Ecosystem Services

Lian-fu Jiang,Guo-xian Xu,Hao Jiang

Journal Article